The Influence Other Cultures Exerted on Greek Art and Architecture

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art collection
- In art drove
  …in the West among the Greeks in the Hellenistic Historic period (quaternary–1st century bc) as they came to value art of previous stylistic periods for its own sake, rather than for its religious or civic significance. It was only with the rise of Rome, even so, that art collecting came into its…
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art market
- In fine art market: Europe
  …the West is from aboriginal Greek civilization and includes a cup by Phintias dating to approximately 500 bce that shows a beau buying a vase—maybe the earliest depiction of an fine art transaction. Although the most important Greek art of this period was created for temples and other public buildings,…
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trip the light fantastic
- In dance: Changes in attitude toward dance
  The ancient Greeks as well took dance very seriously, both as an integral office of their drama—which had potent political and social significance—and every bit part of education. Plato wrote in the Laws that "to sing well and to trip the light fantastic toe well is to be well educated. Noble dances should…
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- In Western trip the light fantastic: Dance in Classical Greece
  Many Egyptian influences can be found in the Greek dance. Some came by way of Crete, others through the Greek philosophers who went to Egypt to report. The philosopher Plato (c. 428–348/47 bc) was among them, and he became an influential…
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early on museums
- In museum: Classical collecting
  …of a museum was the Greek pinakotheke, such every bit that established in the 5th century bce on the Acropolis at Athens, which housed paintings honouring the gods. Nor was there a lack of public interest in fine art at Rome. Indeed, art abounded in the public places of Rome, simply there…
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issue of Persian Wars
- In ancient Greek civilization: The event of the Persian Wars on philosophy
  …Western farsi Wars on literature and art was obvious and firsthand; the wars prompted such poetry equally the Persians of Aeschylus and a dithyramb of Pindar praising the Athenians for laying the shining foundations of liberty and such fine art every bit the Athenian dedications at Delphi or the paintings in the Painted…
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floral arrangements
- In wreath
  In aboriginal Greece, wreaths, usually made of olive, pino, laurel, celery, or palm, were awarded to athletes victorious in the Olympic Games and as prizes to poets and orators. Young lovers in ancient Hellenic republic hung wreaths on their lovers' doorways every bit a sign of affection. In…
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- In floral decoration: Ancient earth
  …garlands institute on mummies, and Greek and Roman writings reveal a more varied native plant life and show that foreign plants had been introduced, most notably the rose.
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fretwork
- In fret
  …at the hands of the Greeks (hence the common name Greek fret or Greek key), who used it for pottery and for painted ornamentation of architectural members, such as the abaci of capitals, where it was afterward carved.
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garden and landscape design
- In garden and landscape design: Greek and Hellenistic
  The urban life of aboriginal Greece led to houses built around central private courtyards. Lined with colonnades that gave access to the rooms of the house, the courtyard, or peristyle, was open up to the sky and insulated from the street. In the…
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glassmaking
- In glassware: Early glass
  …once again, particularly on the Greek-inhabited islands of the Aegean, in Hellenic republic itself, in Italian republic and Sicily, and even farther due west. This contrasts with the meagre gimmicky finds on Egyptian soil. The afterward spectacles in the old Egyptian cadre-wound technique were probably made in Syria or some part of the…
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interior design
- In interior design: Greece
  A period of so-called dark ages in Greece followed the devastation of Knossos in c. 1400 bc, but Cretan civilization had already influenced the mainland before then. Small terra-cotta models of furniture and fragments of tables and chairs dating from as early as 1350…
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masks
- In mask: Therapeutic uses
  The ancient Greeks and Romans used battle shields with grotesque masks (such equally Gorgon masks) or fastened terrifying masks to their armour, equally did Chinese warriors. Grimacing menpō, or half masks (generally covering the face below the eyes), were used by Japanese samurai.
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metalwork
- In metalwork: Hammering and casting
  to Assyrian, Etruscan, and Greek goldsmiths was wrought by the hammer and the punch.
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- In metalwork: Greek and Etruscan
  …plate that have come up from Hellenic republic are embossed and engraved silverish bowls made by Phoenicians. Most of them conduct elaborate pictorial designs of Egyptian or Assyrian grapheme and are evidently foreign to Greece; simply some simpler types, decorated with rows of animals in relief or wrought in the shape of…
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- In metalwork: Early history
  …atomic number 26 working was transmitted to Greece and the Aegean, probably at the beginning of the 1st millennium bc, whence information technology spread gradually to the remainder of Europe. By the sixth century bc, it had been widely disseminated over central and western Europe.
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mosaics
- In mosaic: Principles of design
  …and style the earliest known Greek figurative mosaics with representational motifs, which date from the end of the 5th century bce, resemble contemporary vase painting, especially in their outline drawing and use of very dark backgrounds. The mosaics of the quaternary century tended to copy the style of wall paintings,…
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- In mosaic: Roman mosaics
  …Italy, penetrated into the sometime Greek cities in the eastern role of the empire, but polychromy and types of composition based on the framed picture persisted with especial tenacity due to strong local Hellenistic traditions. A splendid series of emblēmata (2d century) with mythological representations, allegories, and scenes from the…
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perfume bottles
- In perfume bottle
  …fashion for perfume spread to Greece, where containers, well-nigh often terra-cotta or glass, were fabricated in a diversity of shapes and forms such equally sandalled feet, birds, animals, and homo heads. The Romans, who idea perfumes were aphrodisiacs, used not just molded glass bottles but as well blown glass, after its…
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pinacotheca
- In pinacotheca
  …motion picture gallery in either ancient Greece or ancient Rome. The original pinacotheca, which housed the tablets or pictures honouring the gods, formed the left wing of the Propylaea of the Acropolis in Athens. Evidence from ancient manuscripts indicates that the pictures were separate easel works rather than frescoes. Other Greek…
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tapestry
- In tapestry: Ancient Western world
  …making of tapestry in ancient Greece and Rome. In the Odyssey, Homer (8th century bce?) describes Penelope working on a tapestry that was unraveled each night as she waited for Odysseus. The Roman poet Ovid (43 bce–17 ce) in the Metamorphoses describes the tapestry looms used past Minerva and Arachne…
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terra-cotta
- In terra-cotta
  …time and distance as early on Greece and the modern cultures of Latin America.
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architecture

In compages: Places of worship
…or reserved for priests; in aboriginal Greece it contained an accessible cult image, but services were held exterior the master facade; and in the ancient Almost East and in the Mayan and Aztec architecture of ancient Mexico, where the temple was erected at the summit of pyramidal mounds, only privileged…
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In architecture: Scale
…Renaissance architecture retained the aboriginal Greek orders as decoration partly for this reason, using them to break upwardly huge masses into more comprehensible parts. In entirely unlike styles of architecture, such every bit the Gothic, where the expressive function requires immeasurable proportions, at that place is still a measurable module given in the…
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In Western architecture: Ancient Greek
The increased wealth of Greece in the 7th century bc was enhanced by overseas trade and by colonizing activeness in Italy and Sicily that had opened new markets and resources. Athens did not send out colonists and did not appoint in vigorous merchandise, and…
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agora
- In agora
  Greek cities, an open space that served equally a meeting ground for diverse activities of the citizens. The name, first found in the works of Homer, connotes both the assembly of the people as well as the physical setting. Information technology was applied by the classical…
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awarding of statics
- In mechanics: Statics
  The ancient Greeks built magnificent stone temples; withal, the horizontal stone slabs that constituted the roofs of the temples could not support even their own weight over more than a very small span. For this reason, one feature that identifies a Greek temple is the many closely…
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exedra
- In exedra
  In ancient Greece exedrae were usually plant in the parts of major cities that had been reserved for worship, such as the Acropolis in Athens. Scholars and poets held discussions in the walled recesses, which were besides used for residue and contemplation.
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flooring
- In floor covering: Early floor coverings
  …Crete and also on the Greek mainland. The Greeks refined the technique between the 6th and the 4th centuries bc, and ancient decorative pebble mosaics have been institute in Hellenic republic, Asia Minor, and Sicily. Such mosaics were too made of marble, serpentine alabaster, some forms of granite, and other stones…
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fountains
- In fountain: Greek
  During the Aegean civilization, every bit in subsequently Hellenic Hellenic republic, springs were ofttimes considered sacred and shrines were built around them, the water often emerging into artificial basins. In historic Greece, more than highly developed fountains existed; both literary references and excavated remains abound. Some were…
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odeum
- In odeum
  Greek ōideion, "school of music"), insufficiently small theatre of ancient Greece and Rome, in which musicians and orators performed and competed. It has been suggested that these theatres were originated because early on Greek musical instruments could not be heard in the vast open amphitheatres in…
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ornaments
- In ornament
  Architectural ornamentation in classical Greece exemplified the common tendency for mimetic ornament to turn into applied ornamentation, which lacks either symbolic meaning or reference to the structure on which it is placed. By the 5th century bc in Hellenic republic, the details of the orders had largely lost any conscious…
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plaster
- In plaster
  …early in the history of Greek architecture (due east.1000., at Mycenae), plaster of a fine white lime stucco was used. Greek artisans had achieved loftier quality earlier than the fifth century bce. Plaster was oft used to cover the exteriors of temples, a technique commonly known as stucco, in addition to…
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stuccowork
- In stuccowork
  In ancient Greece, stucco was applied to both interior and exterior temple walls as early as 1400 bce. Architects of aboriginal Rome stuccoed the rough rock or brick walls of huge monuments, such as the baths at Hadrian'southward Villa, erected at Tivoli about 120–130 ce. They also…
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tholos tomb
- In tholos
  …chosen beehive tomb, in aboriginal Greek architecture, a circular edifice with a conical or vaulted roof and with or without a peristyle, or surrounding colonnade. In the Mycenaean menstruum, tholoi were large ceremonial tombs, sometimes built into the sides of hills; they were beehive-shaped and covered past a corbeled arch.…
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dress

jewelry
- In jewelry: Greek
  Because gold was not readily available, jewelry was relatively rare in Archaic (c. 750–c. 500 bce) and Classical (c. 500–c. 323 bce) Greece. Examples do exist, even so, and certain generalizations can be fabricated. In the seventh and sixth centuries bce the jewelry produced in…
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peplos
- In peplos
  …spelled peplus, garment worn past Greek women during the early on Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic periods (i.e., up to about 300 ce). It consisted of a large rectangular slice of material folded vertically and hung from the shoulders, with a broad overfold. During the early periods, it was belted effectually the…
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petasos
- In petasos
  …conical crown worn in ancient Greece. The petasos worn by men had a rather depression crown, while that worn by women had a alpine one.
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furniture

In furniture: Metal
In ancient Greece, bronze, fe, and silvery were used for making furniture. Finds that were cached in the ashes of Pompeii and Herculaneum in Italy included tables with folding underframes and beds made partly or entirely of metal.
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In furniture: Greece
Principal furniture forms were couches, chairs (with and without arms), stools, tables, chests, and boxes. From extant examples, the depiction of article of furniture on vases and in relief carvings, and literary descriptions, much more is known about Greek furniture than nearly Egyptian. At Knossos, a…
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chairs
- In furniture: Greece and Rome
  The typical Greek chair, the klismos, is known not from any ancient specimen still extant but from a wealth of pictorial material. The best known is the klismos depicted on the Hegeso Stele at the Dipylon burial place exterior Athens (c. 410…
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influence on

Achaemenian art
- In Iranian art and architecture: Achaemenian period
  …later the large-scale importation of Greek craftsmen in the time of Darius I (reigned 522–486 bce).
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Classicism
- In Neoclassical art
  …based on the art of Greece and Rome in antiquity, which invokes harmony, clarity, restraint, universality, and idealism. In the context of the tradition, Classicism refers either to the art produced in antiquity or to later fine art inspired past that of antiquity, while Neoclassicism always refers to the art produced…
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- In Western architecture: France
  …classicism with archaeological investigation into Greek and Roman architecture. His Gare du Nord, Paris (1861–65), showed brilliantly how a language ultimately inspired past the triumphal arches of aboriginal Rome could lend an appropriate monumental emphasis to a major metropolitan railway terminus. In Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, Paris (1830–46), a church with a giant…
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Etruscan art
- In ancient Italic people: Archaeological bear witness
  …culture is its relationship to Greek models. The comparison is natural, indeed essential, in light of the massive amount of Greek artifacts, specially vases, that accept been excavated in Etruria and the abundant examples of Etruscan imitations, of the pottery especially. It is besides sure that Greek craftsmen sometimes settled…
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Neoclassical architecture
- In Western architecture: Origins and evolution
  …time a significant involvement in Greek antiquities was emerging along with a growing belief in the superiority of Greek over Roman architecture that was to event in a Greek Revival in architecture. At about this time the sixth-century Greek ruins at Paestum in southern Italia and in Sicily began to…
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- In Western compages: Scandinavia and Hellenic republic
  The key edifice in the development of Scandinavian classicism in the period 1830–1930 is the Thorvaldsen Museum in Copenhagen, erected in 1839–48 from designs by Michael Gottlieb Bindesbøll. Information technology was built to house the drove of sculpture that the celebrated Danish Neoclassical sculptor
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Roman art
- In ancient Rome: Augustan art and literature
  …between the prevailing Cranium and Hellenistic models and Italian naturalism. The sculptured portraits on the Ara Pacis (Altar of the Augustan Peace) of 9 bc, for all their lifelike quality, are yet in harmony with the classical poise of the figures, and they strike a fresh annotation: the stately converging…
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- In ancient Rome: Cultural life
  …painting, as well, owed much to Greek styles and techniques. It emerged, however, as its own distinctive blazon. The Augustan historic period had pointed the way that Roman art would go: Italian taste would be imposed on Hellenic models to produce something original. The reliefs of the Augustan Ara Pacis belong to…
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- In Western painting: Etruscan and Hellenistic Greek influences
  It was to Greek artists that the Romans turned when, in the 3rd century bc, they first came into contact with the flourishing Greek cities of southern Italy and the eastern Mediterranean. Contact was unremarkably in the form of state of war, and soon Greek works of art were beingness…
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painting

Cimon
- In Cimon Of Cleonae
  525–500 bc), Greek painter said to accept invented foreshortened or "iii-quarter views," to have introduced depiction of wrinkles and folds in drapery, and to accept represented human beings in different attitudes (e.g., looking up, downwardly, backward, etc.). He was a native of Cleonae, a city betwixt Corinth…
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history
- In Western painting: Aegean and eastern Mediterranean Metal Historic period
  In Greece and the Aegean, influence from the adjacent areas of western Asia helped promote the ascension of small towns past about 3000 bc. The cultural development is usually divided into 3 separate strands: Minoan on Crete, Cycladic on the islands of the primal Aegean, and…
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- In Western painting: Hellenistic flow (c. 323–1st Century bc)
  …surviving Hellenistic works are of low quality.
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sculpture

In sculpture: Elements of design
Greek, Indian, and most Italian Renaissance sculptors shaped the forms of their piece of work to receive light in a way that makes the whole work radiantly articulate.
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In sculpture: Uses of sculpture
… and the coins of ancient Hellenic republic are generally considered the supreme achievements in these miniature fields of sculpture.
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In Western sculpture: Ancient Greek
Greek fine art no doubt owed much indirectly to the Minoan-Mycenaean civilization (now known in its later stages to have been Greek), which disintegrated at the stop of the 2nd millennium bce, partly nether the affect of a series of invasions from the Balkans. The menstruum…
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Aphrodite
- In Aphrodite
  Representations of Aphrodite in early Greek art are fully dressed and without distinguishing features that differentiate her from other goddesses. She first attained individuality at the hands of the swell 5th-century-bce Greek sculptors. Maybe the most famous of all statues of Aphrodite was carved by Praxiteles for the Cnidians. The…
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chryselephantine
- In chryselephantine
  Chryselephantine statues were made in Greece from the 6th century bc. Oft they were colossal cult figures adorning the interiors of major temples; Classical writers record, for instance, that the Greek sculptor Phidias made a 40-foot (12-metre) chryselephantine statue of Athena for the Parthenon at Athens and some other big figure…
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contrapposto pose
- In contrapposto
  The Greeks invented this formula in the early on 5th century bc equally an alternative to the stiffly static pose—in which the weight is distributed every bit on both legs—that had dominated Greek figure sculpture in earlier periods. There is a clear development from the "Critius Boy" of…
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kore
- In kore
  …aforementioned, although, as in all Greek art, it evolved from a highly stylized form to a more naturalistic ane.
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kouros
- In kouros
  …proportions—they gradually took on distinctly Greek characteristics. Unlike the Egyptian sculptures, the kouroi had no explicit religious purpose, serving, for case, as tombstones and commemorative markers. They sometimes represented the god Apollo, but they as well depicted local heroes, such every bit athletes.
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Palladium
- In Palladium
  …was a common discipline in Greek fine art, every bit was its theft in literature.
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sphinx
- In sphinx
  …important image in Egyptian and Greek art and legend. The give-and-take sphinx was derived by Greek grammarians from the verb sphingein ("to bind" or "to clasp"), but the etymology is not related to the fable and is dubious. Hesiod, the earliest Greek writer to mention the animate being, called information technology Phix.
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theatre

In Western theatre: Aboriginal Greece
The first time theatre truly freed itself from religious ritual to become an art class was in Greece in the sixth century bce when the dithyramb was adult. This was a form of choral song chanted at festivals in honour of…
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acting techniques
- In acting: Genuine and feigned emotion
  …of supposed interim in ancient Hellenic republic was that of the actor Polus performing in the Electra of Sophocles, at Athens in the 4th century bc. The plot requires Electra to conduct an urn supposed to contain the ashes of Orestes and to lament and bemoan the fate she believed had…
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agon's role
- In agon
  The Erstwhile Comedy of Greece, introduced into Dionysian festivals in 487 bc and surviving in the works of Aristophanes, adhered to a rigid structure within which some variation was allowed. The plays brainstorm with a prologos, which outlines the dilemma of the plot, followed by the parodos, or chorus…
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clown's role
- In clown
  …the clown flourished in ancient Greece—bald-headed, padded buffoons who performed as secondary figures in farces and mime, parodying the actions of more than serious characters and sometimes pelting the spectators with nuts. The aforementioned clown appeared in the Roman mime, wearing a pointed chapeau and a motley patchwork robe and serving…
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comparing with Indian drama
- In Southward Asian arts: Classical theatre
  Hindu theatre differed from its Greek counterpart in temperament and method of production. The three unities rigidly followed by the Greeks were totally unknown to Sanskrit dramatists. Less time was consumed by a Greek program of three tragedies and a farce than past a unmarried Sanskrit drama, with its subsidiary…
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costume
- In stagecraft: Classical theatrical costume
  …were an innovation of the Greek poet Thespis in the 6th century bce, and theatrical costumes were long chosen "the robes of Thespis." Athenians spent lavishly on the product and costumes at almanac drama contests. Each poet was given a wealthy citizen, the chorēgos, who, encouraged past the honor of…
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makeup
- In stagecraft: Western traditions
  …out of the chorus in Greek theatre in the sixth century bce, smeared his face with white lead and cherry-red cinnabar. He may take done and then, but the very large size of some of the Greek theatres (containing up to 15,000 spectators) fabricated the use of the masks a more than…
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musical accompaniment
- In theatre music: Formative period
  Descriptive show of the earliest Greek theatre indicates that music, mostly sung past a chorus, was essential simply non continuous. At drama festivals the poet wrote his own music (too as being actor, producer, and choreographer), probably based on some kind of traditional repeated formula. Later Greek theatre, after…
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origins in religious ritual
- In theatrical production: Religious
  …is offset known from ancient Greece.
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production
- In theatrical production: Relation to the audience
  In Greek Onetime One-act, for example, an role player speaking for the author might cajole, advise, or claiming the spectators. By contrast, the naturalistic actor plays as though a "fourth wall" closes off the room of the stage. Between these two extremes fall a variety of relationships.…
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- In theatrical product: The single performance
  The Greek urban center-state and the medieval town organized their productions in a strikingly similar way, with the municipality exercising control. Until at least the 4th century bce, nonetheless, the Athenians presented new plays every year, whereas the medieval townspeople annually reenacted the aforementioned plays or variations…
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protagonist's part
- In protagonist
  Greek drama, the first or leading actor. The poet Thespis is credited with having invented tragedy when he introduced this first actor into Greek drama, which formerly consisted only of choric dancing and recitation. The protagonist stood opposite the chorus and engaged in an interchange…
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stage blueprint
- In theatre blueprint: Greece and Rome
  The first identification of theatre equally a distinctive art form in the metropolis-state of Athens can be dated to 534 bce, when the first prize in a contest for tragedy was awarded. The Roman writer Horace, writing 500 years later, believed that…
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phase machinery
- In phase mechanism
  …5th century bc, when the Greeks adult deus ex machina (q.v.), by which an actor could be lowered to the stage. During the Hellenistic period, the Greeks also used movable scenery, mounted on wheels or on revolving prisms called periaktoi (see periaktos). The Romans elaborated on these devices, calculation traps…
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